LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH IN RF REGIONS WITH DIRIMENT SANITARY-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL WELLBEING AND DIFFERENT LIFESTYLES. MANAGEMENT RESERVES

The article focuses on estimating reserves of growth in life expectancy at birth (LEB) for the RF population in regions with different sanitary-epidemiological wellbeing and people's lifestyles. The existing trends in the country development within the regional context corroborate relevance of the present study. The methodical approach includes use of factor and cluster analysis, artificial neuron networks, and scenario forecasting. Activities performed by Rospotrebnadzor within its authority produce positive modifying effects on LEB as an integral health indicator. Differentiated contribution made by these activities to achieving regional target LEB levels by 2024 (COVID-related processes excluded) amounts to 8–62 % as per the group of indicators that describes a sanitary-epidemiological situation on a given territory and 5–45 % as per the group of lifestyle-related indicators. We identified priority factors for each of four types of regions;these factors provide the maximum positive effect on LEB. Working conditions for working population, quality of drinking water, ambient air and nonfoods are priority manageable factors in regions where the sanitary-epidemiological situation is the most unfavorable. Levels of alcohol and food consumption, balanced diets and people's physical activity are the priority manageable factors in regions with the most unfavorable lifestyle-related indicators. The study revealed that additional LEB growth would be secured if the targets set within national projects were achieved. By 2024, this additional LEB growth would equal 6–420 days and 107–659 days accordingly given the existing trends and regional differentiation as regards improved sanitary-epidemiological situation in regions and people's lifestyles. Improved working conditions, better quality of drinking water and ambient air are reserves of LEB growth for all types of the RF regions in short and middle-term. A potential reserve of LEB growth and priority determinants were identified for each type of regions. These identified national and regional determinants should be considered when building an optimization model of LEB management allowing for reserves of its growth. The study results develop the authors' methodical approach to estimating potential LEB growth based on scenario modeling;they are consistent with the results obtained by other relevant studies. We have identified limitations of the present study as well as prospects and trends for future research. © Kleyn S.V., Onishchenko G.G., Zaitseva N.V., Glukhikh М.V., 2022

The Analysis of Anti-Epidemic Measures Carried Out in the Russian Federation in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic

The outbreak of a new coronavirus disease, COVID-19, started in December 2019 in China continues to be one of the most important realities of our time influencing all spheres of human activity March 11, 2022 marks two years since the WHO declared a pandemic it is expected that the number of cases by this time may reach the mark 500 million. Taking into account the widespread spread of infection, spontaneous appearance during the natural evolution of the pathogen new highly pathogenic variants of the COVID-19 pathogen for humans the most important is the implementation of anti-epidemic measures representing a set of measures, aimed at preventing the importation and spread of infection. The purpose of the presented article is a analysis of the anti-epidemic measures carried out in the Russian Federation in the context of a COVID-19 pandemic. Anti-epidemic measures include the implementation of measures, directed towards all links of epidemic: on the source, on the transmission path and on the receptive collective. From a wide range of sanitary and anti-epidemic measures carried out nationwide (including organizational and administrative, socio-economic, isolation and quarantine and others) the development of various methods of detection and identification of the COVID-19 pathogen, methods of serodiagnostics with which you can predict indicator of herd immunity, means of prevention and treatment of the disease, means and methods of disinfection is considered. As such measures, the development of means for detecting and identifying the pathogen, means of prevention and treatment of the disease, methods of serodiagnostics, with the help of which it is possible to predict indicator of herd immunity, means and methods of disinfection are considered. An assessment of the effectiveness of the developed tools of diagnostics, prevention and treatment in relation to new variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus was carried out. The creation of a laboratory model to study an experimental infection which increases efficiency and reliability of ongoing preclinical studies of medical protective equipment is also important. Copyright © 2022 Izdatel'stvo Meditsina. All rights reserved.

The Omicron Variant of the Sars-Cov-2 Virus As the Dominant Agent of a New Risk of Disease amid the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Over the two years that have passed since the WHO announced on March 11, 2020, a pandemic of the new coronavirus disease COVID-19, more than 460 million cases of the disease have been detected in the world, of which more than five million have been fatal. During the natural evolution of the COVID-19 pathogen, dominant variants emerge that account for most new infections. The WHO constantly monitors coronavirus mutations that potentially pose an epidemiological danger. Currently, the WHO divides modified variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus into variants of concern (VOC) and variants of interest (VOI). The WHO-designated group of variants of concern includes potentially the most dangerous lines, which are characterized by a complex of new properties. This group also includes the Omicron variant, which has become the dominant agent of the new wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this work is to analyze the characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain, the dominant agent of the new wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The proposed mechanism of origin of the Omicron variant, its geographical distribution, the features of the disease caused by it, and the distinguishing features from diseases caused by the Delta variant and the original Wuhan strain of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, mutations of the Omicron variant compared to the parent strain of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the genetic variability of the Omicron variant, and the epidemiological characteristics of the disease it causes are considered. Particular attention is paid to evaluation of the preventive and therapeutic effectiveness of the existing medical means of protection against COVID-19 in relation to the Omicron strain.

Comparative analysis of existing platforms for the development of vaccines against dangerous and extremely dangerous viral infections with pandemic potential

The main triggers of new infectious diseases, including those with pandemic potential, are: spontaneous emergence of infectious strains which are more virulent for humans and contribute to transmission of pathogenic microorganisms, environmental changes, social and economic factors, increased contact rates between different regions. A successful pandemic response requires mass immunisation against a specific disease, aimed at the development of herd immunity which is based on the concept of indirect protection of the whole of the population by immunising a part of it. A well-grounded choice of the vaccine platform is central to dealing with this problem. The aim of the study was to compare characteristics of vaccine platforms (attenuated, inactivated, subunit, recombinant vector, DNA, and RNA vaccines) intended for mass immunisation against dangerous and extremely dangerous viral infections with pandemic potential. The study focused on the members of Poxviridae, Orthomyxoviridae and Coronaviridae families as potential pathogens. The vaccine platforms were compared in terms of the following parameters: capability of producing a robust immune response;protective efficacy;time required for vaccine development and testing;ability to produce vaccine in volumes required for mass immunisation;potential obstacles associated with the intended use of the vaccine. It is expected that in the next few decades DNA and RNA vaccine platforms will be most widely used for development of products against dangerous and extremely dangerous viral infections with pandemic potential, regardless of taxonomic groups of pathogens.

Comparative characteristics of COVID-19 vaccines used for mass immunisation

The pandemic of the new coronavirus (COVID-19) disease that began in December 2019 in China is still having a huge impact on all spheres of human life. The herd immunity, which is the most effective tool for preventing the spread of the disease, is formed in two ways: the passive way (i.e., the formation of a population not susceptible to re-infection due to the natural spread of the disease) and the active way (mass immunisation). High rates of COVID-19 vaccination were achieved thanks to the development and mass production of new vaccines. The selection of the most promising vaccine platforms is one of the key aspects of successful mass immunisation. The aim of the study was to compare the characteristics of COVID-19 vaccines used for mass immunisation. The paper analyses the vaccine technology platforms, efficacy of different types of vaccines based on clinical trial results, safety of vaccines for different population groups, and potential for scaling up vaccine production in order to ensure the necessary vaccination coverage. The vaccines currently used for mass immunisation are: BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech), mRNA1273 (Moderna), GamCOVID-Vac (N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology), Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson & Johnson), ChAdOx1-S (AZD1222) (AstraZeneca), BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm), CoronaVac (Sinovac Biotech), and NVX-CoV2373 (Novavax). The comparison of the main characteristics of the vaccines demonstrated that the most promising types of vaccines for COVID-19 specific prophylaxis are RNA vaccines and recombinant adenovirus vector-based vaccines.

Analysis of promising approaches to COVID-19 vaccine development

The number of confirmed COVID-19 cases worldwide amounted to 50 million at the beginning of November 2020. This is clearly not enough for the formation of herd immunity, which will prevent repeated outbreaks of the disease. Quarantine measures can only curb the spread of the disease to some extent, therefore specific preventive measures are needed to create collective immunity to COVID-19.The underlying principle of collective immunity is indirect protection of the whole of the population by immunising a certain part of it. Vaccination is the most effective approach to prevention of epidemic outbreaks. The aim of the study was to analyse promising approaches to the development of vaccines against novel coronavirus COVID-19 infection. The paper summarises data on development studies and clinical trials of COVID-19 vaccines conducted in different countries. It analyses the pros and cons of different platforms for vaccine development (attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, DNA and RNA vaccines, recombinant vector vaccines). The paper presents a potential design of novel vaccines. It was concluded that COVID-19 vaccines might be developed both for immunising high-risk groups and for mass immunisation. An optimal solution for the second task would be to develop human or monkey adenovirus vector-based vaccines whose mass production has already been unveiled.

САНИТАРНО-ЭПИДЕМИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ДЕТЕРМИНАНТЫ И АССОЦИИРОВАННЫЙ С НИМИ ПОТЕНЦИАЛ РОСТА ОЖИДАЕМОЙ ПРОДОЛЖИТЕЛЬНОСТИ ЖИЗНИ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

The current work supplements the results obtained in previous research on a relation between leading parameters of living conditions and life expectancy of the RF population;it dwells on the results obtained via analyzing a role played by sanitary and epidemiologic determinants. A sanitary-epidemiologic situation in certain RF regions is unfavorable and it makes our research truly vital;it is also necessary to work out and implement activities aimed at eliminating or minimizing adverse environmental factors that can produce negative effects on demographic situation in the country. Our primary goal was to study impacts exerted by sanitary-epidemiologic parameters on life expectancy in the RF and to obtain predicted values for its growth taking into account regional and sex differentiation. We examined domestic and foreign experience in researching relations between sanitary-epidemiologic welfare and life expectancy. All the RF regions were distributed into three clusters as per their sanitary-epidemiologic welfare. The third cluster that includes 11 regions is in much greater need for implementing activities aimed at reducing environmental contamination. Results obtained via regression and factor analysis revealed that should there be a scenario with an improvement in sanitary-epidemiologic parameters (by 10.0 %), the overall life expectancy for the RF population would increase by 140.39 days. An improvement in sanitary-epidemiologic situation taken as per sex differentiation indicated that a greater impact was expected on life expectancy growth among male population, as it would increase by 146.9 days (by 117.6 days for female population). We established that several parameters made the greatest contribution into life expectancy growth;they were “A share of population provided with high quality drinking water” (61.65 days);“Physical factors existing at workplaces” (35.83 days), “Sanitary-hygienic characteristics of objects under surveillance” (15.16 days), and “Sanitary-epidemiologic parameters of ambient air” (14.26 days). The current work does not cover extreme sanitary-epidemiologic situations related to pandemic spread of new infectious agents causing highly contagious diseases (Coronavirus infection). Дополнены результаты ранее выполненных исследований связи между ведущими показателями условий жизни и ожидаемой продолжительностью жизни (ОПЖ) населения РФ при рождении и отражены результаты анализа роли санитарно-эпидемиологических детерминант. Актуальность исследования продиктована наличием неблагополучной санитарно-эпидемиологической ситуации на некоторых территориях Российской Федерации, а также необходимостью разработки и реализации мер по устранению или минимизации неблагоприятных факторов среды обитания, способных отрицательно повлиять на демографическую ситуацию в стране. В качестве основной цели ставилось изучение влияния санитарно-эпидемиологических показателей на ОПЖ населения РФ с получением прогнозных уровней ее прироста с учетом региональной и половой дифференциации. Изучен отечественный и зарубежный опыт исследования связей между показателями санитарно-эпидемиологического благополучия и показателем ожидаемой продолжительностью жизни. По уровню санитарно-эпидемиологического благополучия субъекты РФ поделены на три кластера. Третий кластер, в который вошло 11 субъектов РФ, в большей степени нуждается в реализации комплекса мер по снижению уровня загрязнения объектов среды обитания. Результаты регрессионного и факторного анализа показали, что при применении сценарных условий улучшения (на 10,0 %) санитарно-эпидемиологических показателей прогнозируется увеличение ожидаемой продолжительности жизни всего населения РФ на 140,39 дня. В разрезе половой дифференциации улучшение санитарно-эпидемиологической ситуации способно оказать большее влияние на рост ОПЖ мужского населения - увеличение на 146,9 дня (для женского населения - увеличение на 117,6 дня). Установлено, что наиболее существенный вклад в рост ОПЖ всего населения вносят при сценарных условиях следующие показатели: «Доля населения, обеспеченного качественной питьевой водой» (61,65 дня), «Физические факторы на рабочих местах» (35,83), «Санитарно-гигиеническая характеристика объектов надзора» (15,16), «Показатели санитарно-эпидемиологического состояния атмосферного воздуха» (14,26). Настоящаястатья не рассматривает экстремальные санитарно-эпидемиологические ситуации, связанные с пандемическим распространением воРбудителей новых инфекционных заболеваний высокого уровня контагиозности (коронавирусная инфекция).

Social and economic determinants and potential for growth in life expectancy of the population in the Russian Federation taking into account regional differentiation

The current work supplements the results obtained in previous research on a relation between leading parameters of living conditions and life expectancy of the RF population;it dwells on the results obtained via analyzing a role played by sanitary and epidemiologic determinants. A sanitary-epidemiologic situation in certain RF regions is unfavorable and it makes our research truly vital;it is also necessary to work out and implement activities aimed at eliminating or minimizing adverse environmental factors that can produce negative effects on demographic situation in the country. Our primary goal was to study impacts exerted by sanitary-epidemiologic parameters on life expectancy in the RF and to obtain predicted values for its growth taking into account regional and sex differentiation. We examined domestic and foreign experience in researching relations between sanitary-epidemiologic welfare and life expectancy. All the RF regions were distributed into three clusters as per their sanitary-epidemiologic welfare. The third cluster that includes 11 regions is in much greater need for implementing activities aimed at reducing environmental contamination. Results obtained via regression and factor analysis revealed that should there be a scenario with an improvement in sanitary-epidemiologic parameters (by 10.0 %), the overall life expectancy for the RF population would increase by 140.39 days. An improvement in sanitary-epidemiologic situation taken as per sex differentiation indicated that a greater impact was expected on life expectancy growth among male population, as it would increase by 146.9 days (by 117.6 days for female population). We established that several parameters made the greatest contribution into life expectancy growth;they were: A share of population provided with high quality drinking water (61.65 days);Physical factors existing at workplaces (35.83 days);Sanitary-hygienic characteristics of objects under surveillance (15.16 days);and Sanitary-epidemiologic parameters of ambient air (14.26 days). The current work does not cover extreme sanitary-epidemiologic situations related to pandemic spread of new infectious agents causing highly contagious diseases (Coronavirus infection).